Evidence Library

[1] Hedge C, Powell G, Sumner P. The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences. Behavior Research Methods (2018).

[2] Enkavi AZ et al. Large-scale analysis of test–retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures. PNAS (2019).

[3] Eisenberg IW et al. Uncovering the structure of self-regulation through data-driven ontology discovery. Nature Communications (2019).

[1] Little RJA. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association (1988).

[2] Collins LM, Schafer JL, Kam CM. A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychological Methods (2001).

[3] Enders CK, Bandalos DL. The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling (2001).

[1] Fisher AJ, Medaglia JD, Jeronimus BF. Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research. PNAS (2018).

[2] Kievit RA, Frankenhuis WE, Waldorp LJ, Borsboom D. Simpson's paradox in psychological science: a practical guide, with methodological simulations. Frontiers in Psychology (2013).

[3] Hoffman L, Stawski RS. Persons as Contexts: Evaluating Between-Person and Within-Person Effects in Longitudinal Analysis. Research in Human Development (2009).

[1] Taylor S et al. Automatic identification of artifacts in electrodermal activity data. IEEE EMBC (2015).

[2] Benedek M, Kaernbach C. A continuous measure of phasic electrodermal activity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods (2010).

[3] Greco A et al. cvxEDA: A Convex Optimization Approach to Electrodermal Activity Processing. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (2016).

[1] Maule AJ, Hockey GRJ, Bdzola L, Effects of time-pressure on decision-making under uncertainty, Acta Psychologica (2000).

[2] Payne JW, Bettman JR, Johnson EJ, Adaptive Strategy Selection in Decision Making, J Exp Psychol (1988).

[3] Porcelli AJ, Delgado MR, Acute Stress Modulates Risk Taking in Financial Decision Making, Psychological Science (2009).

[1] Hillman CH et al., The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement, Neuroscience (2009).

[2] Pontifex MB et al., The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (2009).

[3] Winter B et al., High impact running improves learning, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2007).

[1] Garfinkel, S. N., et al. (2015). Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biological Psychology.

[2] Critchley HD et al., Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness, Nature Neuroscience (2004).

Bechara et al (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy.

Van Dongen et al. (2003), chronic sleep restriction and neurobehavioral performance

[2] Venkatraman V et al., Sleep deprivation biases the neural mechanisms underlying economic preferences, Journal of Neuroscience (2011).

[3] Rubinstein JS, Meyer DE, Evans JE, Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching, J Exp Psychol (2001).

[1] LBMA, The OTC Guide, section 9: Lending and Borrowing Metal, including forwards and short-dated swaps.

[2] LBMA, Clearing — London Precious Metals Clearing Limited and unallocated account settlement.

CME Group. Gold Futures contract overview.

London Bullion Market Association, Precious Metals benchmark pricing

[3] London Bullion Market Association, About LBMA Daily Auction Prices.

London Bullion Market Association, LBMA Gold Price methodology

[1] CME Group, CME Group Volatility Indexes (CVOL) — FAQ and thirty-day simple-variance methodology.

[1] Cboe Global Markets, Volatility Index Methodology: Selected Broad-Based Index, Equity and ETF Volatility Indices, including GVZ (2026).

CME Group. Gold Futures contract overview.

World Gold Council. Investment, Gold Demand Trends Q3 2026.

[2] SPDR Gold Trust, Form 10-Q for the quarter ended 30 June 2026, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

[2] World Gold Council. Gold ETF Flows: August 2026 — Global demand drives record holdings. Published 9 September 2026.

[1] Camille N et al. The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret. Science (2004).

[2] Coricelli G et al. Regret and its avoidance: a neuroimaging study of choice behavior. Nature Neuroscience (2005).

[3] Lohrenz T, McCabe K, Camerer CF, Montague PR. Neural signature of fictive learning signals in a sequential investment task. PNAS (2007).

[1] Barsade SG. The ripple effect: emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly (2002).

[2] Kramer ADI, Guillory JE, Hancock JT. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. PNAS (2014), with subsequent editorial expression of concern.

[3] Coviello L et al. Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLOS ONE (2014).

[2] Muchnik, Aral and Taylor, Social Influence Bias: A Randomized Experiment, Science, 2013.

[3] Salganik, Dodds and Watts, Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Cultural Market, Science, 2006.

[3] Bond RM et al. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature (2012).

[1] Fliessbach K et al. Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum. Science (2007).

[2] Bault N, Coricelli G, Rustichini A. Interdependent utilities: how social ranking affects choice behavior. PLOS ONE (2008).

[3] Zink CF et al. Know your place: neural processing of social hierarchy in humans. Neuron (2008).

Eklund, Nichols & Knutsson (2016). Cluster failure in fMRI.

Kessler, Angstadt & Sripada (2017). Reevaluating cluster failure.

Cox et al (2017). fMRI clustering and false-positive rates.

Carp (2012). Analytic flexibility of fMRI experiments.

Botvinik-Nezer et al (2020). Variability of analysis across teams.

Steegen et al (2016). Increasing transparency through multiverse analysis.

Bechara et al (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy.

Crone et al (2004). Heart rate and skin conductance in decision making.

Maia & McClelland (2004). Reexamination of the somatic marker hypothesis.

Kandasamy et al (2016). Interoceptive Ability Predicts Survival on a London Trading Floor.

Lo & Repin (2001). Psychophysiology of Real-Time Financial Risk Processing.

Cortisol, testosterone and financial risk taking (2015).

Chang et al (2015). Evening eReader use and sleep/circadian timing.

Cajochen et al (2011). LED-backlit screen and circadian physiology.

Gooley et al (2011). Room light before bedtime and melatonin.

Qin et al (2009). Acute psychological stress reduces working-memory-related activity.

Schoofs, Wolf & Smeets (2009). Cold pressor stress and executive working memory.

Schwabe & Wolf (2010). Learning under stress impairs memory formation.

Rubinstein, Meyer & Evans (2001). Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching.

Rogers & Monsell (1995). Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks.

Ophir, Nass & Wagner (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers.

Hydrocortisone and yohimbine risk experiment (2020), PMID 32028083.

Cortisol and testosterone experiment (2017), PMID 28750292.

Acute stress and risk taking (2014), PMID 24834024.

Stress-related financial risk taking (2020), PMID 32133666.

Pabst, Brand and Wolf, Stress and decision making (2013).